The American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS)

 The American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) 

About

American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) was founded by Yvette Carnell, a graduate of Howard University in Washington, D.C. and attorney and Emmy nominated documentarian Antonio Moore, a graduate of UCLA. It was formed to reclaim and restore the national character of African American identity, and the group's experience of being enslaved in America (USA). It uses YouTube and Twitter to promote reparations in the United States. ADOS supporters see reparations as a way to address the wealth gaps in the United States of America due to slavery and the systemic discrimination of African Americans that followed and continues into the present.^[1] ADOS posits that a debt is owed African Americans due to 400 years of slavery in the U.S. and the wide range of damages that has been done to African Americans creating a national dialogue that has entered into the mainstream media.^[2]

HistoryEdit

Claim for reparations and economic redress for slavery and exploitation of African Americans has historical roots in American history. It can be tracked to the end of slavery and the promise of "40 acres and a mule". Callie House and Isaiah H. Dickerson were leaders of the National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association. The organization campaigned for reparations in the late 1800s. The organization was chartered on August 7, 1897. It was one of the first organizations in the United States to campaign for reparations.

In 1955 Queen Mother Moore advocated for reparations for African Americans. She formed a committee for reparations for descendants of slavery. In 1957 and 1959 she submitted petitions to the United Nations as a case for self-determination against genocide, for land, and reparations for African Americans. ^[3][4]

In 1956, Robert Brock, and other activists founded the Self Determination Committee to fight for reparations for African Americans descendants of slavery.

The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America known as N'Cobra was formed in 1987 with a goal for reparations for African Americans. ^[5][6]

Dorothy Tillman is an African American politician from Chicago, and an advocate for reparations for slavery for African Americans. In 2001, she organized a national reparations conference. As an alderman she lobbied city council in Chicago to pass the Slave Era Disclosure Act. A bill that required companies that do business in the city of Chicago to search their records and disclose if they profited from slavery and reveal any connections to slavery in the United States of America. ^[7] [8][9]

In 2001, Randall Robinson wrote the book "The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks". In the book he presents a case for reparations for African Americans as a means for redress for Slavery and racial discrimination.

It had been addressed recently by author and journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates; in 2014 he wrote an article for The Atlantic, "The Case for Reparations". The case for reparations has also been written about by social scientists and scholars such as Thomas Shapiro, Trevon Logan, William Darity, Darrick Hamilton, and other writers and researchers.^[10][11] In 1861, an anonymous writer wrote, "By our unpaid labor and suffering, we have earned the right to the soil, many times over and over, and now we are determined to have it.^[12]

United Nations

In 2016, the United Nation's Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent argued that the United States does owe African Americans reparations. This conclusion was part of a study by the United Nations' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, a body that reports to the international organization's High Commissioner on Human Rights. The group of experts, which includes leading human rights lawyers from around the world, presented its findings to the United Nations Human Rights Council, pointing to the continuing link between present injustices and the dark chapters of American history.^[13]

2020 US Presidential ElectionEdit

The ADOS movement has been vocal in the 2020 United States presidential election. The 2020 presidential Democratic primary candidates have been approached at campaign events, by various media outlets, and have been asked if they support the need for reparations for African Americans. Democratic President Barack Obama and Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton did not support reparations for African Americans.^[14]

Many of the Democratic Party candidates have stated their support of a House bill from Sheila Jackson Lee for a commission to be formed to study the impact of slavery, and continued discrimination against African Americans.^[15][16] Kamala Harris, John Hickenlooper, Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders,^[17] Kirsten Gillibrand, Tulsi Gabbard, and Beto O'Rourke have said that they would support such a bill. The commission would make recommendations in the form of apology and compensation. Marianne Williamson was one of the first candidates to address the issues of reparations in her run for the presidency of the United States. She stated that anything less than $100 billion would be a slap in the face to Black Americans. William Darity, a scholar and author on the issue of reparations, stated it was "paltry".^[14]

Cory Booker has stated plans for a "baby bond" bill as a companion to the HR 40 bill. The "baby bond" plan is a plan to bridge the wealth gap. The bonds will give newborn babies savings accounts that will be available at age 18. The HR 40 legislation was originally introduced in 1989 by John Conyers.^{[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]}

See alsoEdit

• Forty acres and a mule
• Reparations for slavery
• Reparations for slavery debate in the United States
• Reparations Timeline in U.S. America

ReferencesEdit

1. ^ "#ADOS – American Descendants of Slavery". ados101.com. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
2. ^ https://eurweb.com/2019/06/22/ados-goes-to-washington-activists-and-new-media-influencers-force-reparations-back-into-the-spotlight-eur-exclusive/
3. ^ "Somebody Has to Pay: Audley Moore, Mother of the Reparations Movement – AAIHS". Retrieved May 9, 2019.
4. ^ "Audley Moore and the Modern Reparations Movement". Black Perspectives.
5. ^ "NATIONAL COALITION OF BLACKS FOR REPARATIONS IN AMERICA (N'COBRA)".
6. ^ https://www.cbpm.org/ncobra.html
7. ^http://inthesetimes.com/article/506/reparations_suit_leaves_opening
8. ^https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-10-03-0210030033-story.html
9. ^ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-06-na-slavery6-story.html
10. ^ "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 21,2019.
11. ^ "U.S. owes black people reparations for a history of 'racial terrorism,' says U.N. panel". Washington Post. September 27, 2016.
12. ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). "The Case for Reparations". Retrieved April 21, 2019 – via The Atlantic.
13. ^ "UN panel says the U.S. owes reparations to African-Americans". PBS NewsHour. September 29, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
14. ^ ^a b Herndon, Astead W. (February 21, 2019). "2020 Democrats Embrace Race-Conscious Policies, Including Reparations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9,2019.
15. ^ "Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee Introduces Legislation for a Commission to Consider Reparations Proposals for Africans Americans". Representative Sheila Jackson Lee. January 9, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
16. ^ Evans, Garrett (April 4, 2019). "Reparations bill wins new momentum in Congress". TheHill. Retrieved April 21,2019.
17. ^ Hains, Tim (January 24, 2016). "Sanders: I Don't Support Reparations For Slavery "For The Same Reason" As Barack Obama". www.RealClearPolitics.com. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
18. ^ Lockhart, P. R. (March 11, 2019). "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained". Vox. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
19. ^ Feller, Madison (April 18, 2019). "Where Do the 2020 Democratic Candidates Stand on Reparations?". ELLE. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
20. ^ "Reflections on the ADOS Movement - The Cook Center on Social Equity". socialequity.duke.edu. Retrieved April 21,2019.
21. ^